Evidence for God from Science

Howcome God made things like volcanos, earthquakes etc?

Also somebody brought up a point to me which is that out of the whole universe it isn't that hard to have at least one planet perfect for life, out of the many there are.. does this ruin the fine-tuning argument?

Jay77 wrote:Howcome God made things like volcanos, earthquakes etc?

I'm really not sure bout quakes, but volcanic activity actually increases landmass. So if it's not burying a city I see it as potentially a good thing.

Jay77 wrote:Also somebody brought up a point to me which is that out of the whole universe it isn't that hard to have at least one planet perfect for life, out of the many there are.. does this ruin the fine-tuning argument?

If you believe we came into existence from nothing but random chance, then I suppose that fairy tale could be believed as well

I dont think God "created" earthquakes/volcanoes just for the heck of it, but are just a result of the movement of the Earth's crust... So if He wants to move the land masses, earthquakes and volcanoes are bound to happen.



And about the Earth's conditions, it being able to support life is extremely unique, and many factors contribute to that as well... this article explains it quite well:

http://www.godandscience.org/apologetics/designss.html

Thanks for the replys.

I know that the Earth is finely tuned, but isn't it bound to happen? With all the planets of coarse one of them is going to form correctly.

Btw im not questioning God, I'm just bringing it up to see if I can get a reply of what others think.

Jay77 wrote:Thanks for the replys.

I know that the Earth is finely tuned, but isn't it bound to happen? With all the planets of coarse one of them is going to form correctly.

Btw im not questioning God, I'm just bringing it up to see if I can get a reply of what others think.

Well, if you take the maximum number of planets in the universe and compare it against the probability of life forming on ANY of them, the chances are one in 10^282. I wouldn't call that "bound" to happen

Reference

While you are at it, check out this link and this linke as well.
God bless

Jac3510 wrote:

Jay77 wrote:Thanks for the replys.

I know that the Earth is finely tuned, but isn't it bound to happen? With all the planets of coarse one of them is going to form correctly.

Btw im not questioning God, I'm just bringing it up to see if I can get a reply of what others think.

Well, if you take the maximum number of planets in the universe and compare it against the probability of life forming on ANY of them, the chances are one in 10^282. I wouldn't call that "bound" to happen

Reference

While you are at it, check out this link and this linke as well.
God bless

Not to interrupt, only wanted to point this out.

We don't know any of these numbers. They are only guesses, you can say educated guesses but with the current lack of knowledge it isn't very "educated".

Yes, well the numbers come from secular papers for the most part. I suppose you could write each of the authors of the 200+ peer-reviewed papers and let them know that

Jac3510 wrote:Yes, well the numbers come from secular papers for the most part. I suppose you could write each of the authors of the 200+ peer-reviewed papers and let them know that

What peer reviewed paper?

This?
Michael H. Hart, “Atmospheric Evolution, the Drake Equation, and DNA: Sparse Life in an Infinite Universe,” in Philosophical Cosmology and Philosophy, edited by John Leslie, (New York: Macmillan, 1990), pp. 256-266.

Or any number of scientific papers from which they only extracted numbers from?

There is nothing wrong with admitting that it is speculation.

No sir, this:

• All the references in Fine-Tuning of Physical Life Support Body by Hugh Ross (Pasadena, CA: Reasons To Believe, 2002) apply. What follows are references that are in addition to those.
  Ray White III and William C. Keel, “Direct Measurement of the Optical Depth in a Spiral Galaxy,” Nature, 359 (1992), pp. 129-130.
  W. C. Keel and R. E. White III, “HST and ISO Mapping of Dust in Silhouetted Spiral Galaxies,” American Astronomical Society Meeting, 191, #75.01, December, 1997.
  Raymond E. White III, William C. Keel, and Christopher J. Conselice, “Seeing Galaxies Through Thick and Thin. I Optical Opacity Measures in Overlapping Galaxies,” Astrophysical Journal, 542 (2000), pp. 761-778.
  M. Emillio and J. R. Kuhn, “On the Constancy of the Solar Diameter,” Astrophysical Journal, 543 (2000), pp. 1008-1010.
  Douglas Gough, “Sizing Up the Sun,” Nature, 410 (2001), pp. 313-314.
  John Vanermeer, et al, “Hurricane Disturbance and Tropical Tree Species Diversity,” Science, 290 (2000), pp. 788-791.
  Nicholas R. Bates, Anthony H. Knap, and Anthony F. Michaels, “Contribution of Hurricanes to Local and Global Estimates of Air-Sea Exchange of CO2,” Nature, 395 (1998), pp. 58-61.
  John Emsley, The Elements, third edition (Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press, 1998), pp. 24, 40, 56, 58, 60, 62, 78, 102, 106, 122, 130, 138, 152, 160, 188, 198, 214, 222, 230.
  Rob Rye, Phillip H. Kuo, and Heinrich D. Holland, “Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Concentrations Before 2.2 Billion Years Ago,” Nature 378 (1995), pp. 603-605.
  Robert A. Muller and Gordon J. MacDonald, “Glacial Cycles and Orbital Inclination,” Nature, 377 (1995), pp. 107-108.
  A. Evans, N. J. Beukes, J. L. Kirschvink, “Low Latitude Glaciation in the Palaeoproterozoic Era,” Nature, 386 (1997), pp. 262-266.
  Hugh Ross, “Rescued From Freeze Up,” Facts & Faith, v. 11, n. 2 (1997), p. 3.
  Hugh Ross, “New Developments in Martian Meteroite,” Facts & Faith, v. 10, n. 4 (1996), pp. 1-3.
  Paul Parsons, “Dusting Off Panspermia,” Nature, volume 383 (1996), pp. 221-222.
  P. Jonathan Patchett, “Scum of the Earth After All,” Nature, volume 382 (1996), p. 758.
  Hubert P. Yockey, “The Soup's Not One,” Facts & Faith, v. 10, n. 4 (1996), pp. 10-11.
  M. Schlidowski, “A 3,800-million-year Isotopic Record of Life from Carbon in Sedimentary Rocks,” Nature, 333 (1988), pp. 313-318.
  H. P. Yockey, Information Theory and Molecular Biology (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge Univ. Press), 1992.
  C. De Duve, Vital Dust (New York: Basic Books), 1995. See also C. De Duve, Blueprint for a Cell. The Nature and Origin of Life (Burlington, N.C.: Neil Patterson Publishers), 1991.
  Hugh Ross, “Wild Fires Under Control,” Facts & Faith, v. 11, n. 1 (1997), pp. 1-2.
  Peter D. Moore, “Fire Damage Soils Our Forest,” Nature 384 (1996), pp. 312-313.
  A. U. Mallik, C. H. Gimingham, and A. A. Rahman, “Ecological Effects of Heather Burning I. Water Infiltration, Moisture Retention, and Porosity of Surface Soil,” Journal of Ecology, 72 (1984), pp. 767-776.
  Hugh Ross, “Evidence for Fine-Tuning,” Facts & Faith, v. 11, n. 2 (1997), p. 2.
  Herbert J. Kronzucker, M. Yaeesh Siddiqi, and Anthony D. M. Glass, “Conifer Root Discrimination Against Soil Nitrate and the Ecology of Forest Succession,” Nature, 385 (1997), pp. 59-61.
  John M. Stark and Stephen C. Hart, “High Rates of Nitrification and Nitrate Turnover in Undisturbed Coniferous Forests,” Nature, 385 (1997), pp. 61-64.
  Christine Mlot, “Tallying Nitrogen's Increasing Impact,” Science News, 151 (1997), p. 100.
  Hugh Ross, “Rescued From Freeze Up,” Facts & Faith, v. 11, n. 2 (1997), p.3.
  Hugh Ross, “Life in Extreme Environments,” Facts & Faith, v. 11, n. 2 (1997), pp. 6-7.
  Richard A. Kerr, “Cores Document Ancient Catastrophe,” Science, 275 (1997), p. 1265.
  Hugh Ross, “'How's the Weather?'—Not a Good Question on Mars,” Facts & Faith, v. 11, n. 4 (1997), pp. 2-3.
  Stephen Battersby, “Pathfinder Probes the Weather on Mars,” Nature, 388 (1997), p. 612.
  Ron Cowen, “Martian Rocks Offer a Windy Tale,” Science News, 152 (1997), p. 84.
  Hugh Ross, “Earth Design Update: The Cycles Connected to the Cycles, Facts & Faith, v. 11, n. 4 (1997), p. 3.
  Hugh Ross, “Earth Design Update: One Amazing Dynamo,” Facts & Faith, v. 11, n. 4 (1997), p. 4.
  Peter Olson, “Probing Earth's Dynamo,” Nature, 389 (1997), p. 337.
  Weiji Kuang and Jeremy Bloxham, “An Earth-Like Numerical Dynamo Model,” Nature, 389 (1997), pp. 371-374.
  Xiaodong Song and Paul G. Richards, “Seismological Evidence for Differential Rotation of the Earth's Inner Core,” Nature, 382 (1997), pp. 221-224.
  Wei-jia Su, Adam M. Dziewonski, and Raymond Jeanloz, “Planet Within a Planet: Rotation of the Inner Core of the Earth,” Science, 274 (1996), pp. 1883-1887.
  Stephen H. Kirby, “Taking the Temperature of Slabs,” Nature, 403 (2000), pp. 31-34.
  James Trefil, “When the Earth Froze,” Smithsonian, December, 1999, pp. 28-30.
  Arnold L. Miller, “Biotic Transitions in Global Marine Diversity,” Science, 281 (1998), pp. 1157-1160.
  D. F. Williams, et al, “Lake Baikal Record of Continental Climate Response to Orbital Insolation During the Past 5 Million Years,” Science, 278 (1997), pp. 1114-1117.
  S. C. Myneni, T. K. Tokunaga, and G. E. Brown Jr., “Abiotic Selenium Redox Transformations in the Presence of Fe(II,III) Oxides,” Science, 278 (1997), pp. 1106-1109.
  G. P. Zank and P. C. Frisch, “Consequences of a Change in the Galactic Environment of the Sun,” Astrophysical Journal, 518 (1999), pp. 965-973.
  D. E. Trilling, R. H. Brown, and A. S. Rivkin, “Circumstellar Dust Disks Around Stars with Known Planetary Companions,” Astrophysical Journal, 529 (2000), pp. 499-505.
  Josep.J. Mohr, Benjamin Mathiesen, and August E. Evrard, “Properties of the Intracluster Medium in an Ensemble of Nearby Galaxy Clusters,” Astrophysical Journal, 517 (1999), pp. 627-649.
  Gregory W. Henry, et al, “Photometric and Ca II and K Spectroscopic Variations in Nearby Sun-Like Stars with Planets. III,” Astrophysical Journal, 531 (2000), pp. 415-437.
  Kimmo Innanen, Seppo Mikkola, and Paul Wiegert, “The Earth-Moon System and the Dynamical Stability of the Inner Solar System,” Astronomical Journal, 116 (1998), pp. 2055-2057.
  J. Q. Zheng and M. J. Valtonen, “On the Probability that a Comet that Has Escaped from Another Solar System Will Collide with the Earth,” Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 304 (1999), pp. 579-582.
  Gregory Laughlin and Fred C. Adams, “The Modification of Planetary Orbits in Dense Open Clusters,” Astrophysical Journal Letters, 508 (1998), pp. L171-L174.
  Shahid Naeem and Shibin Li, “Biodiversity Enhances Ecosystem Reliability,” Nature, 390 (1997), pp. 507-509.
  S. H. Rhie, et al, “On Planetary Companions to the MACHO 98-BLG-35 Microlens Star,” Astrophysical Journal, 533 (2000), pp. 378-391.
  Daniel P. Schrag and Paul F. Hoffman, “Life, Geology, and Snowball Earth,” Nature, 409 (2001), pp. 306.
  Craig R. Dina and Alexandra Navrotsky, “Possible Presence of High-Pressure Ice in Cold Subducting Slabs,” Nature, 408 (2000), pp. 844-847.
  D. Vokrouhlicky and P. Farinella, “Efficient Delivery of Meteorites to the Earth from a Wide Range of Asteroid Parent Bodies,” Nature, 407 (2000), pp. 606-608.
  Yumiko Watanabe, Jacques E. J. Matini, and Hiroshi Ohmoto, “Geochemical Evidence for Terrestrial Ecosystems 2.6 Billion Years Ago,” Nature, 408 (2000), pp. 574-578.
  Hugh Ross, “Bacteria Help Prepare Earth for Life,” Connections, v. 3, n. 1 (2001), p. 4.
  Crisogono Vasconcelos and Judith A. McKenzie, “Sulfate Reducers—Dominant Players in a Low-Oxygen World?” Science, 290 (2000), pp. 1711-1712.
  Matthias Labrenz, et al, “Formation of Sphalerite (ZnS) Deposits in Natural Biofilms of Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria,” Science, 290 (2000), pp. 1744-1747.
  Jochen Erbacher, Brian T. Huber, Richard D. Morris, and Molly Markey, “Increased Thermohaline Stratification as a Possible Cause for an Ocean Anoxic Event in the Cretaceous Period,” Nature, 409 (2001), pp. 325-327.
  M. M. M. Kuypers, R. D. Pancost, J. S. A. Sinninghe Damsté, “A Large and Abrupt Fall in Atmospheric CO2 Concentrations During Cretaceous Times, Nature, 399 (1999), pp.342-345.
  Subir K. Banerjee, “When the Compass Stopped Reversing Its Poles,” Science, 291 (2001), pp. 1714-1715.
  Fred C. Adams and Gregory Laughlin, “Constraints on the Birth Aggregate of the Solar System,” arXiv:astro-ph/0011326 (Nov. 16, 2000).
  Ian A. Bonnell, Kester W. Smith, Melvyn B. Davies, and Keith Horne, “Planetary Dynamics in Stellar Clusters,” Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 322 (2001), pp. 859-865.
  Aylwyn Scally and Cathie Clarke, “Destruction of Protoplanetary Disks in the Orion Nebula,” Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 325 (2001), pp. 449-455.
  Guillermo Gonzalez, Donald Brownlee, and Peter Ward, “The Galactic Habitable Zone: Galactic Chemical Evolution,” Icarus, 152 (2001), pp. 185-200.
  Qingjuan Yu and Scott Tremaine, “Resonant Capture by Inward-Migrating Planets,” Astronomical Journal, 121 (2001), pp. 1736-1740.
  Zhang Peizchen, Peter Molnar, and William R. Downs, “Increased Sedimentation Rates and Grain Sizes 2-4 Myr Ago Due to the Influence of Climate Change on Erosion Rates,” Nature, 410 (2001), pp. 891-897.
  N. Murray and M. Holman, “The Role of Chaotic Resonances in the Solar System,” Nature, 410 (2001), pp. 773-779.
  O. Neron de Surgy and J. Laskar, “On the Long Term Evolution of the Spin of the Earth,” Astronomy and Astrophysics, 318 (1997), pp. 975-989.
  Richard A. Kerr, “An Orbital Confluence Leaves Its Mark,” Science, 292 (2001), p. 191.
  James C. Zachos, et al, “Climate Response to Orbital Forcing Across the Oligocene-Miocene Boundary,” Science, 292 (2001), pp. 274-278.
  John Bally and Bo Reipurth, “When Star Birth Meets Star Death: A Shocking Encounter,” Astrophysical Journal Letters, 552 (2001), pp. L159-L162.
  Jon Copley, “The Story of O,” Nature, 410 (2001), pp. 862-864.
  N. H. Sleep, K. Zahnle, and P. S. Neuhoff, “Initiation of Clement Conditions on the Earliest Earth,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 98 (2001), pp. 3666-3672.
  Henry B. Throop, et al, “Evidence for Dust Grain Growth in Young Circumstellar Disks,” Science, 292 (2001), pp. 1686-1689.
  G. Iraelean, N. C. Santos, M. Mayor, and R. Rebolo, “Evidence for Planet Engulfment by the Star HD82943,” Nature, 411 (2001), pp. 163-166.
  M. Emilio, J. R. Kuhn, R. I. Bush, and P. Scherrer, “On the Constancy of the Solar Diameter,” Astrophysical Journal, 543 (2000), pp. 1037-1040.
  Q. R. Ahmad, et al, “Measurement of the Rate of ne + d Þ p + p + e- Interactions Produced by 8B Solar Neutrinos at the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory,” Physical Review Letters, 87 (2001), id. 071301.
  Qingjuan Yu and Scott Tremaine, “Resonant Capture by Inward-Migrating Planets,” Astronomical Journal, 121 (2001), pp. 1736-1740.
  Chadwick A. Trujillo, Jane X. Luu, A. S. Bosh, and J. L. Elliot,“Large Bodies in the Kuiper Belt,” Astronomical Journal, 122 (2001), pp. 2740-2748.
  T. A. Michtchenko and S. Ferraz-Mello, “Resonant Structure of the Outer Solar System in the Neighborhood of the Planets,” Astronomical Journal, 122 (2001), pp. 474-481.
  Francesca Matteucci and Simone Recchi, “On the Typical Timescale for the Chemical Enrichment from Type Ia Supernovae in Galaxies,” Astrophysical Journal, 558 (2001), pp. 351-358.
  Gerald Schubert and Keke Zhang, “Effects of an Electrically Conducting Inner Core on Planetary and Stellar Dynamos,” Astrophysical Journal, 557 (2001), pp. 930-942.
  Zeljko Ivezic, et al, “Solar System Objects Observed in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Commissioning Data,” Astronomical Journal, 122 (2001), pp. 2749-2784.
  Jihad Touma and Jack Wisdom, “Nonlinear Core-Mantle Coupling,” Astronomical Journal, 122 (2001), pp. 1030-1050.
  Frederick M. Walter and Don C. Barry, “Pre- and Main-Sequence Evolution of Solar Activity,” in The Sun in Time, editors C. P. Sonett, M. S. Giampapa, and M. C. Matthews (Tuscon, AZ: University of Arizona Press, 1991), pp. 633-657.
  C. Sagan and G. Mullen, “Earth and Mars: Evolution of Atmospheres and Surface Temperatures,” Science, 177 (1972), pp. 52-56.
  H. D. Holland, The Chemical Evolution of the Atmosphere and Oceans (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1984).
  Peter Hoppe, et al, “Type II Supernova Matter in a Silicon Carbide Grain from the Murchison Meteorite,” Science, 272 (1996), pp. 1314-1316.
  G. J. Wasserburg, R. Gallino, and M. Busso, “A Test of the Supernova Trigger Hypothesis with 60Fe and 26Al,” Astrophysical Journal Letters, 500 (1998), pp. L189-L193.
  S. Sahijpal, et al, “A Stellar Origin for the Short-Lived Nuclides in the Early Solar System,” Nature, 391 (1998), pp. 559-561.
  William B. McKinnon, “Galileo at Jupiter—Meetings With Remarkable Moons,” Nature, 390 (1997), pp. 23-26.
  J. Christensen-Dalsgaard, H. Kjeldsen, and J. A. Mattei, “Solar-Like Oscillations of Semiregular Variables,” Astrophysical Journal Letters, 562 (2001), pp. L141-L144.
  Thomas J. Crowley, “Cycles, Cycles Everywhere,” Science, 295 (2002), pp. 1473-1474.
  Ilana Berman-Frank, et al, “Segregation of Nitrogen Fixation and Oxygenic Photosynthesis in the Marine Cyanobacterium Trichodesmiium,” Science, 294 (2001), pp. 1534-1537.
  Toshitsugu Yamazaki and Hirokuni Oda, “Orbital Influence on Earth's Magnetic Field: 100,000-Year Periodicity in Inclination,” Science, 295 (2002), pp. 2435-2438.
  Tim Elliott, “Caught Offside,” Science, 295 (2002), pp. 55-57.
  Haibo Zou, Alan Zindler, and Yaoling Niu, “Constraints on Melt Movement Beneath the East Pacific Rise from 230 Th-238U Disequilibrium,” Science, 295 (2002), pp. 107-110.
  Gerd Steinle-Neumann, Lars Stixrude, R. E. Cohen, and Oguz Gülseren, “Elasticity of Iron at the Temperature of the Earth's Inner Core,” Nature, 413 (2001), pp. 57-60.
  B. A. Buffett and H.-R. Wenk, “Texturing of the Earth's Inner Core by Maxwell Stresses,” Nature, 413 (2001), pp. 60-63.
  Yanan Shen, Roger Buick, and Donald E. Canfield, “Isotopic Evidence for Microbial Sulfate Reduction in the Early Archean Era,” Nature, 410 (2001), pp. 77-81.
  David S. P. Dearborn, “Standard Solar Models,” in The Sun in Time, editors C. P. Sonett, M. S. Giampapa, and M. C. Matthews (Tuscon, AZ: University of Arizona Press, 1991), p. 173.
  Katherine L. Moulton and Robert A. Berner, “Quantification of the Effect of Plants on Weathering: Studies in Iceland,” Geology, 26 (1998), pp. 895-898.
  Kentaro Nagamine, Masataka Fukugita, Renyue Cen, and Jeremiah P. Ostriker, “Star Formation History and Stellar Metallicity Distribution in a Cold Dark Matter Universe,” Astrophysical Journal, 558 (2001), pp. 497-504.
  Amri Wandel, “Black Holes of Active and Quiescent Galaxies. I. The Black Hole-Bulge Relation Revisited,” Astrophysical Journal, 565 (2002), pp. 762-772.
  Masahiro Ikoma, Hiroyuki Emori, and Kiyoshi Nakazawa, “Formation of Giant Planets in Dense Nebulae: Critical Core Mass Revisited,” Astrophysical Journal, 553 (2001), pp. 999-1005.
  F. M. M. Morel and N. M. Price, “The Biogeochemical Cycles of Trace Metals in the Oceans,” Science, 300 (2003), pp. 944-947.
  Ronald S. Oremland and John F. Stolz, “The Ecology of Arsenic,” Science, 300 (2003), pp. 939-944.
  Lydia A. Finney and Thomas V. O'Halloran, “Transition Metal Speciation in the Cell: Insights from the Chemistry of Metal Ion Receptors,” Science, 300 (2003), pp. 931-936.
  Douglas C. Rees and James B. Howard, “The Interface Between the Biological and Inorganic Worlds” Iron-Sulfur Metalloclusters,” Science, 300 (2003), pp. 929-931.
  Gregory Laughlin, John Chambers, and Debra Fischer, “A Dynamical Analysis of the 47 Ursae Majoris Planetary System,” Astrophysical Journal, 579 (2002), pp. 455-467.
  Ludmila Kiseleva Eggleton, et al, “Global Dynamics and Stability Limits for Planetary Systems Around HD 12661, HD 38529, HD 37124, and HD 160691,” Astrophysical Journal Letters, 578 (2002), pp. L145-L148.
  Narcisco Benitez, Jesíºs Maiz-Appellániz, and Matilde Canelles, “Evidence for Nearby Supernova Eruption,” Physical Review Letters, 88 (2002), p. 081101.
  G. Zhao, et al, “Chemical Abundances of 15 Extrasolar Planet Host Stars,” Astronomical Journal, 124 (2002), pp. 2224-2232.
  Carolus J. Schrijver, Marc L. DeRosa, and Alan M. Title, “What Is Missing from our Understanding of Long-Term Solar and Heliospheric Activity?” Astrophysical Journal, 577 (2002), pp. 1006-1012.
  S. Alan Stern, “Implications Regarding the Energetics of the Collisional Formation of Kuiper Belt Satellites,” Astronomical Journal, 124 (2002), pp. 2300-2304.
  David Schimel and David Baker, “The Wildfire Factor,” Nature, 420 (2002), pp. 29-30.
  Susan E. Page, et al, “The Amount of Carbon Released from Peat and Forest Fires in Indonesia During 1997,” Nature, 420 (2002), pp. 61-65.
  P. C. D. Milly, et al, “Increasing Risk of Great Floods in a Changing Climate,” Nature, 415 (2002), pp. 514-517.
  E.I. Chiang, D. Fischer and E. Thommes, "Excitation of Orbital Eccentricities of Extrasolar Planets by Repeated Resonance Crossings," Astrophysical Journal Letters, 564 (2002), pp. L105-L109.
  N. Murray, M. Paskowitz, and M. Holman, "Eccentricity Evolution of Migrating Planets," Astrophysical Journal, 565 (2002), pp. 608-620.
  Vaclav Smil, The Earth's Biosphere: Evolution, Dynamics, and Change (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2002).
  Yohey Suzuki, et al, “Nanometre-Size Products of Uranium Bioreduction,” Nature, 419 (2002), p. 134.
  Keven Zahnle and Norman Sleep, “Carbon Dioxide Cycling and a Methane Greenhouse on Ancient Earth,” American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2002, abstract #U52B-01.
  Karen M. Fischer, “Flow and Fabric Deep Down,” Nature, 415 (2002), pp. 745-747.
  James Wookey, J.-Michael Kendall, and Guilhem Barruol, “Mid-Mantle Deformation Inferred from Seismic Anisotropy,” Nature, 415 (2002), pp. 777-780.
  Jeffrey Park and Vadim Levin, “Seismic Anisotropy: Tracing Plate Dynamics in the Mantle,” Science, 296 (2002), pp. 485-489.
  Leon Barry, George C. Craig, and John Thuburn, “Poleward Heat Transport by the Atmospheric Heat Engine,” Nature, 415 (2002), pp. 774-776.
  Norman H. Sleep, “Oxygenating the Atmosphere,” Nature, 410 (2001), pp. 317-319.
  Simon Conway Morris, Life's Solution (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003).
  H. Lammer, et al, “Atmospheric Loss of Exoplanets Resulting from Stellar X-Ray and Extreme Ultraviolet Heating,” Astrophysical Journal Letters, 598 (2003), pp. L121-L124.
  Tiziana De Matteo, et al, “Black Hole Growth and Activity in a L Cold Dark Matter Universe,” Astrophysical Journal, 593 (2003), pp. 56-68.
  Brad D. Carter, et al, “A Planet in a Circular Orbit with a 6 Year Period,” Astrophysical Journal Letters, 593 (2003), pp. L43-L46.
  U. Heiter and R. E. Luck, “Abundance Analysis of Planetary Host Stars. I. Differential Iron Abundances,” Astronomical Journal, 126 (2003), pp. 2015-2036.
  Marcio A. G. Maia, Rodolfo S. Machado, and Christopher N. A. Willmier, “The Seffert Population in the Local Universe,” Astronomical Journal, 126 (2003), pp. 1750-1762.
  I.-Julianna Sackmann and Arnold I. Boothroyd, “Our Sun. V. A Bright Young Sun Consistent with Helioseismology and Warm Temperatures on Ancient Earth and Mars,” Astrophysical Journal, 583 (2003), pp. 1024-1039.
  Stephen R. Walton, Dora G. Preminger, and Gary A. Chapman, “The Contribution of Faculae and Network to Long-Term Changes in the Total Solar Irradiance,” Astrophysical Journal, 590 (2003), pp. 1088-1094.
  Amr A. El-Zant, et al, “Galaxy Formation in Triaxial Halos: Black Hole-Bulge-Dark Halo Correlation,” Astrophysical Journal, 590 (2003), pp. 641-653.
  Spyros Basilakos, “Cluster Formation Rate in Models with Dark Energy,” Astrophysical Journal, 590 (2003), pp. 636-640.
  Ing-Guey Jiang, Wing-Huen Ip, and Li-Chin Yeh, “On the Fate of Close-In Extrasolar Planets,” Astrophysical Journal, 582 (2003), pp. 449-454.
  Philip J. Armitage, “A Reduced Efficiency of Terrestrial Planet Formation Following Giant Planet Migration,” Astrophysical Journal Letters, 582 (2003), pp. L47-L50.
  Oleg Y. Gnedin, “Tidal Effects in Clusters of Galaxies,” Astrophysical Journal, 582 (2003), pp. 141-161.
  Joss Bland-Hawthorn and Martin Cohen, “The Large-Scale Bipolar Wind in the Galactic Center, “Astrophysical Journal, 582 (2003), pp. 246-256.
  Michele Bellazzini, Francesco R. Ferraro, and Rodrigo Ibata, “Building Up the Globular Cluster System of the Milky Way: The Contribution of the Sagittarius Galaxy,” Astronomical Journal, 126 (2003), pp. 188-196.
  Henry Lee, et al, “Uncovering Additional Clues to Galaxy Evolution. I. Dwarf Irregular Galaxies in the Field,” Astronomical Journal, 126 (2003), pp. 146-165.
  Debra A. Fischer, et al, “A Planetary Companion to HD 40979 and Additional Planets Orbiting HD 12661 an HD 38539,” Astrophysical Journal, 586 (2003), pp. 1394-1408.
  Isamu Matsuyama, Doug Johnstone, and Norman Murray, “Halting Planet Migration by Photoevaporation from the Central Source,” Astrophysical Journal Letters, 585 (2003), pp. L143-L146.
  M. Nagasawa, D. N. C. Lin, and S. Ida, “Eccentricity Evolution of Extrasolar Multiple Planetary Systems Due to the Depletion of Nascent Protostellar Disks,” Astrophysical Journal, 586 (2003), pp. 1374-1393.
  Sydney A. Barnes, “On the Rotational Evolution of Solar- and Late-Type Stars, Its Magnetic Origins, and the Possibility of Stellar Gyrochronology,” Astrophysical Journal, 586 (2003), pp. 464-479.
  Tal Alexander and Clovis Hopman, “Orbital In-Spiral Into a Massive Black Hole in a Galactic Center,” Astrophysical Journal Letters, 590 (2003), pp. L29-L32.
  Tsevi Mazeh and Shay Zucker, “A Possible Correlation Between Mass Ratio and Period Ratio in Multiple Planetary Systems,” Astrophysical Journal Letters, 590 (2003), pp. L115-L117.
  Jeffrey M. Anderson, et al, “Locating the Launching Region of T Tauri Winds: The Case of DG Tauri,” Astrophysical Journal Letters, 590 (2003), pp. L107-L110.
  Elisa V. Quintana, et al, “Terrestrial Planet Formation in the a Centauri System,” Astrophysical Journal, 576 (2002), pp. 982-996.
  A. Morbidelli, et al, “Source Regions and Time Scales for the Delivery of Water to Earth,” Meteoritics & Planetary Science, 35 (2000), pp. 1309-1320.
  Jonathan I. Lunine, et al, “The Origin of Water on Mars,” Icarus, 165 (2003), pp. 1-8.
  P. Hoppe and A. Besmehn, “Evidence for Extinct Vanadium-49 in Presolar Silicon Carbide Grains from Supernovae,” Astrophysical Journal Letters, 576 (2002), pp. L69-L72.
  Harri A. T. Vanhala and Alan P. Boss, “Injection of Radioactivities into the Forming Solar System,” Astrophysical Journal, 575 (2002), pp. 1144-1150.
  N. Murray and B. Chaboyer, “Are Stars with Planets Polluted?” Astrophysical Journal, 566 (2002), pp. 442-431.
  G. C. McLaughlin, et al, “Broad and Shifted Iron-Group Emission Lines in Gamma-Ray Bursts as Tests of the Hypernova Scenario,” Astrophysical Journal, 567 (2002), pp. 454-462.
  Michael L. Baloch, et al, “Distinguishing Local and Global Influences on Galaxy Morphology: A Hubble Space Telescope Comparison of High and Low X-Ray Luminosity Clusters,” Astrophysical Journal, 566 (2002), pp. 123-136.
  Y.-Z. Qian and G. J. Wasserburg, “Determination of Nucleosynthetic Yields of Supernovae and Very Massive Stars from Abundances in Metal-Poor Stars,” Astrophysical Journal, 567 (2002), pp. 515-531.
  B. S. Gaudi, et al, “Microlensing Constraints on the Frequency of Jupiter-Mass Companions: Analysis of 5 Years of Planet Photometry,” Astrophysical Journal, 566 (2003), pp. 463-499.
  Scott J. Kenyon and Benjamin C. Bromley, “Collisional Cascades in Planetesimal Disks. I. Stellar Flybys,” Astronomical Journal, 123 (2002), pp. 1757-1775.
  M. Pätzold and H. Rauer, “Where Are the Massive Close-In Extrasolar Planets?” Astrophysical Journal Letters, 568 (2002), pp. L117-L120.
  E. Berger, “Flaring Up All Over—Radio Activity in Rapidly Rotating Late M and L Dwarfs,” Astrophysical Journal, 572 (2003), pp. 503-513.
  Kenneth R. Sembach, et al, “A Limit on the Metallicity of Compact High-Velocity Clouds,” Astrophysical Journal, 572 (2002), pp. 179-184,
  Eric D. Feigelson, Gordon P. Garmire, and Steven H. Pravdo, “Magnetic Flaring in the Pre-Main-Sequence Sun and Implications for the Early Solar System,” Astrophysical Journal, 572 (2002), pp. 335-349.
  Yu N. Mishurov, J. R. D. Lépine, and I. A. Acharova, “Corotation: Its Influence on the Chemical Abundance Pattern of the Galaxy,” Astrophysical Journal Letters, 571 (2002), pp. L113-L115.
  S. M. Andrievsky, et al, “Using Cepheids to Determine the Galactic Abundance Gradient. II. Towards the Galactic Center,” Astronomy and Astrophysics, 384 (2002), pp. 140-144.
  Christopher Laws, et al, “Parent Stars of Extrasolar Planets. VII. Abundance Analysis of 30 Systems,” Astronomical Journal, 125 (2003), pp. 2664-2677.
  Guillermo Gonzalez, “Are Stars with Planets Anomalous?” Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 308 (1999), pp. 447-458.
  Joseph F. Hennawi and Jeremiah P. Ostriker, “Observational Constraints on the Self-Interacting Dark Matter Scenario and the Growth of Supermassive Black Holes,” D(2002), pp. 41-54.
  J. S. Bloom, et al, “Detection of a Supernova Signature Associated with GRB 011121,” Astrophysical Journal Letters, 572 (2002), pp. L45-L49.
  John E. Gizis, I. Neill Reid, and Suzanne L. Hawley, “The Palomar MSU Nearby Star Spectroscopic Survey. III. Chromospheric Activity, M Dwarf Ages, and the Local Star Formation History,” Astronomical Journal, 123 (2002), pp. 3356-3369.
  Hidekazu Tanaka, Taku Takeuchi, and William R. Ward, “Three-Dimensional Interaction Between a Planet and an Isothermal Gaseous Disk. I. Corotation and Linblad Torques and Planet Migration,” Astrophysical Journal, 565 (2002), pp. 1257-1274.
  Jarrod R. Hurley and Michael M. Shara, “Free-Floating Planets in Stellar Clusters Not So Surprising,” Astrophysical Journal, 565 (2002), pp. 1251-1256.
  E. W. Thommmes, M. J. Duncan, and H. F. Levison, “The Formation of Uranus and Neptune Among Jupiter and Saturn,” Astronomical Journal, 123 (2002), pp. 2862-2883.
  H. M. Antia, “Does the Sun Shrink With Increasing Magnetic Activity?” Astrophysical Journal, 590 (2003), pp. 567-572.
  A. T. Mecherikunnel, “A Comparison of Solar Total Irradiance Observations from Spacecraft 1985-1992,” Solar Physics, 155 (1994), pp. 211-221.
  D. L. Kaplan, et al, “The Nearby Neutron Star RX J0720.4-3125 from Radio to X-Rays,” Astrophysical Journal, 590 (2003), pp. 1008-1019.
  K. Z. Stanek, et al, “Spectroscopic Discovery of the Supernova 2003dh Associated with GRB 030329,” Astrophysical Journal Letters, 591 (2003), pp. L17-L20.
  Peter Mészáros, “g-Ray Bursts: The Supernova Connection,” Nature, 423 (2003), p. 809; Makoto Uemura, et al, “Structure in the Early Afterglow Light Curve of the g—Ray Burst of 29 March,” Nature, 423 (2003), pp. 843-844.
  P. A. Price, et al, “The Bright Optical Afterglow of the Nearby g—Ray Burst of 29 March 2003,” Nature, 423 (2003), pp. 844-847.
  Jens Hjorth, et al, “A Very Energetic Supernova Associated with g—Ray Burst of 29 March 2003,” Nature, 423 (2003), pp. 847-850.
  Govert Schilling, “Astronomers Nail Down Origin of Gamma Ray Bursts,” Science, 300 (2003), p. 1860.
  Yutaka Komiyama, et al, “Discovery of Latent Star Formation in the Extended H I Gas Around the Local Group Dwarf Irregular Galaxy NGC 6822,” Astrophysical Journal Letters, 590 (2003), pp. L17-L20.
  John T. G. Hamilton, et al, “Chloride Methylation by Plant Pectin: An Efficient Environmentally Significant Process,” Science, 301 (2003), pp. 206-209.
  Jianghui Ji, et al, “The Librating Companions in HD 37124, HD 12661, HD 82943, 47 Ursa Majoris, and GJ 876: Alignment or Antialignment?” Astrophysical Journal Letters, 591 (2003), pp. L57-L60.
  Debra A. Fischer, et al, “A Planetary Companion to HD 40979 and Additional Planets Orbiting HD 12661 an HD 38529,”Astrophysical Journal, 586 (2003), pp. 1394-1408.
  Sarah Tackett, William Herbst, and Eric Williams, “Periodic Variability in the Pre-Main Sequence Object CB 34V,” Astronomical Journal, 126 (2003), pp. 346-352.
  F. Varadi, B. Runnegar, and M. Ghil, “Successive Refinements in Long-Term Integration of Planetary Orbits,” Astrophysical Journal, 592 (2003), pp. 620-630.
  Eduardo L. Martí­n, “A New Multiple Stellar System in the Solar Neighborhood,” Astronomical Journal, 126 (2003), pp. 918-920.
  John R. Stauffer, et al, “Why Are the K Dwarfs in the Pleiades So Blue?” Astronomical Journal, 126 (2003), pp. 833-847.
  M. A. Hughes, et al, “An Atlas of Hubble Space Telescope Spectra and Images of Nearby Spiral Galaxies,” Astronomical Journal, 126 (2003), pp. 742-761.
  Mario Hamuy, “An Asymptotic-Giant-Branch Star in the Progenitor System of a Type Ia Supernova,” Nature, 424 (2003), pp. 651-654.
  Eddie Baron, “An Elementary Puzzle,” Nature, 424 (2003), pp. 628-629.
  Ivo Labbé, “Large Disklike Galaxies at High Redshift,” Astrophysical Journal Letters, 591 (2003), pp. L95-L98.
  Pricilla C. Frisch, “Local Interstellar Matter: The Apex Cloud,” Astrophysical Journal, 593 (2003), pp. 868-873.
  Matthew R. Balme, Patrick L. Whelley, and Ronald Greeley, “Mars: Dust Devil Track Survey in Argyre Planitia and Hellas Basin, Journal of Geophysical Research, 108 (E8), 5086, doi:10.1029/2003JE002096, 2003.
  Anthony D. Toigo, et al, “Numerical Simulation of Martian Dust Devils,” Journal of Geophysical Research, 108 (E6), 5047, doi:10.1029/2002JE002002, 2003.
  Ronald Greeley, et al, “Martian Dust Devils: Laboratory Simulations of Particle Threshold,” Journal of Geophysical Research, 108 (E5), 5041, doi:10.1029/2002JE001987, 2003.
  Conway B. Leovy. “The Devil Is in the Dust,” Nature, 424 (2003), pp. 1008-1009.
  Alexei Y. Kniazev, et al, “Discovery of Eight Extremely Metal-Poor Galaxies in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey,” Astrophysical Journal Letters, 593 (2003), pp. L73-L76.
  Z. Peeters, et al, “The Astrobiology of Nucleobases,” Astrophysical Journal Letters, 593 (2003), pp. L129-L132.
  D. J. Christian, et al, “The Extreme-Ultraviolet Continuum of a Strong Stellar Flare,” Astrophysical Journal Letters, 593 (2003), pp. L105-L108.
  M. Richards, et al, “Statistical Analysis of 5 Year Continuous Radio Flare Data from b Persei, V711 Tauri, d Librae, and UX Arietis,” Astrophysical Journal Supplement, 147 (2003), pp. 337-361.
  Susumu Inoue, et al, “Nucleosynthesis in Baryon-Rich Outflows Associated with Gamma-Ray Bursts,” Astrophysical Journal, 595 (2003), pp. 294-303.
  lan J. Kaufman and Shuhai Xiao, “High CO2 Levels in the Proterozoic Atmosphere Estimated From Analyses of Individual Microfossils,” Nature, 425 (2003), pp. 279-282.
  Stephen J. Mojzsis, “Probing Early Atmospheres,” Nature, 425 (2003), pp. 249-250.
  A. L. Melott, et al, “Did a Gamma-Ray Burst Initiate the Late Ordovician Mass Extinction?” 2003 preprint at
  http://xxx.arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0309415; Also, American Astronomical Association Meeting, 203 (2003), abstract #80.06.
  E. Toby Kiers, Robert A. Rousseau, Stuart A. West, and R. Ford Denision, “Host Sanctions and the Legume-Rhizobium Mutualism,” Nature, 425 (2003), pp. 78-81.
  Josef Koller, Hui Li, and Douglas N. C. Lin, “Vortices in the Co-Orbital Region of an Embedded Protoplanet,” Astrophysical Journal Letters, 596 (2003), pp. L91-L94.
  Y.-Z. Qian and G. W. Wasserburg, “Hierarchical Structure Formation and Chemical Evolution of Damped Lya Systems,” Astrophysical Journal Letters, 596 (2003), pp. L9-L12.
  M. Lecar and D. D. Sasselov, “Dispersing the Gaseous Protoplanetary Disk and Halting Type II Migration,” Astrophysical Journal Letters, 596 (2003), pp. L99-L100.
  Jason Jiun-San Shen and Typhoon Lee, “138La Anomaly in the Early Solar System,” Astrophysical Journal Letters, 596 (2003), pp. L109-L112.
  J. Richard Gott III, et al, “A Map of the Universe,” preprint, 2003 posted at
  http://xxx.lanl.gov/abs/astro-ph/0310571
  R. Genzel, et al, “Near-Infrared Flares from Accreting Gas Around the Supermassive Black Hole at the Galactic Centre,” Nature, 425 (2003), pp. 934-937.
  Ramesh Narayan, “Sparks of Interest,” Nature, 425 (2003), pp. 908-909.
  Francesco Calura and Francesca Matteucci, “The Cosmic Evolution of the Galaxy Luminosity Density,” Astrophysical Journal, 596 (2003), pp. 734-747.
  Y. Wu and N. Murray, “Planet Migration and Binary Compansions: The Case of HD80606b,” Astrophysical Journal, 589 (2003), pp. 605-614.
  James F. Kasting and David Catling, “Evolution of a Habitable Zone,” Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 41 (2003), pp. 429-463.
  Harold F. Levison and Alessandro Morbidelli, “The Formation of the Kuiper Belt by the Outward Transport of Bodies During Neptune's Migration,” Nature, 426 (2003), pp. 419-421.
  R. Sahai, et al, “A Collimated, High-Speed Outflow from the Dying Star V Hydrae,” Nature, 426 (2003), pp. 261-264; Noam Soker, “The Mystery Companion,” Nature, 426 (2003), pp. 236-237.
  Geoffrey West, “Towards a Quantitative Unifying Theory of Biological Structure, Function, and Organization,” Workshop on Fine-Tuning in Living Systems, St. George's House, Windsor Castle, UK: September 1-3, 2002 as reported by B. J. Carr and M. J. Rees, “Fine-Tuning in Living Systems,” International Journal of Astrobiology, 2 (2003), pp. 79-86.
  Massimo Della Valle and Nino Panagua, “The Rate and Origin of Type Ia Supernovae in Radio Galaxies,” Astrophysical Journal Letters, 587 (2003), pp. L71-L74.
  Charles H. Lineweaver, Yeshe Fenner, and Brad K. Gibson, “The Galactic Habitable Zone and the Age Distribution of Complex Life in the Milky Way,” Science, 303 (2004), pp. 59-62.
  Robert Irion, “Are Most Life-Friendly Stars Older Than the Sun?” Science, 303 (2004), p. 27.
  Margaret A. Boden, “Alien Life: How Would We Know?” International Journal of Astrobiology, 2 (2003), pp. 121-129.
  Takuji Tsujimoto and Toshikazu Shigeyama, “Relics of Subluminous Supernovae in Metal-Poor Stars,” Astrophysical Journal Letters, 584 (2003), pp. L83-L86.
  Paul C. W. Davies, “How Bio-Friendly Is the Universe,” International Journal of Astrobiology, 2 (2003), pp. 115-120.
  N. Menci, et al, “Quasar Evolution Driven by Galaxy Encounters in Hierarchical Structures,” Astrophysical Journal Letters, 587 (2003), pp. L63-L66.
  E. J. Chaisson, “A Unifying Concept of Astrobiology,” International Journal of Astrobiology, 2 (2003), pp. 91-101.
  M. Jura, “A Tidally Disrupted Asteroid Around the White Dwarf G29-38,” Astrophysical Journal Letters, 584 (2003), pp. L91-L94.
  J. L. Sarmiento, et al, “High-Latitude Controls of Thermocline Nutrients and Low Latitude Biological Activity,” Nature, 427 (2004), pp. 56-60.
  Joachim Ribbe, “The Southern Supplier,” Nature, 427 (2004), pp. 23-24.
  Philip Ball, “Water, Water, Everywhere?” Nature, 427 (2004), pp. 19-20.
  Donald D. Clayton, “A Pre-Solar Galactic Merger Spawned the SiC-Grain Mainstream,” Astrophysical Journal, 598 (2003), pp. 313-324.
  R. Sahai, et al, “A Collimated, High-Speed Outflow from the Dying Star V Hydrae,” Nature, 426 (2003), pp. 261-264; Noam Soker, “The Mystery Companion,” Nature, 426 (2003), pp. 236-237.
  William B. McKinnon and Michael E. Zolensky, “Sulfate Content of Europa's Ocean and Shell: Evolutionary Considerations and Some Geological and Astrobiological Implications,” Astrobiology, 3 (2003), pp. 879-897.
  Julio F. Navarro, Amina Helmi, and Kenneth C. Freeman, “The Extragalactic Origin of the Arcturus Group,” Astrophysical Journal Letters, 601 (2004), pp. L43-L46.
  N. Murray, et al, “On the Flux of Extrasolar Dust in Earth's Atmosphere,” Astrophysical Journal, 600 (2004), pp. 804-827.
  Henry C. Ferguson, et al, “The Size Evolution of High-Redshift Galaxies,” Astrophysical Journal, 600 (2004), pp. L107-L110.
  Nozomu Kawakatu and Masayuki Umemura, “Why Are Massive Black Holes Small in Disk Galaxies?” Astrophysical Journal Letters, 601 (2004), pp. L21-L24.
  Nadine Häring and Hans-Walter Rix, “On the Black Hole Mass-Bulge Mass Relation,” Astrophysical Journal Letters, 604 (2004), pp. L89-L92.
  Claudia Travaglio, et al, “Galactic Evolution of Sr, Y. and Zr: A Multiplicity of Nucleosynthetic Processes,” Astrophysical Journal, 601 (2004), pp. 864-884.
  A. G. W. Cameron, “Some Nucleosynthesis Effects Association with r-Process Jets,” Astrophysical Journal, 587 (2003), pp. 327-340.
  Ian Lepage and Martin J. Duncan, “Stability of Minor-Body Orbits in Systems with Two Giant Planets,” Astronomical Journal, 127 (2004), pp. 1755-1767.
  Kevin Bundy, et al, “A Slow Merger History of Field Galaxies Since z ~ 1,” Astrophysical Journal Letters, 601 (2004), pp. L123-L126.
  Ava Bamba, et al, “Thermal and Nonthermal X-Rays from the Large Magellanic Cloud Superbubble 30 Doradus C,” Astrophysical Journal, 602 (2004), pp. 257-263.
  Antonio Parravano, David J. Hollenbach, and Christopher F. McKee, “Time Dependence of the Ultraviolet Radiation Field in the Local Interstellar Medium,” Astrophysical Journal, 584 (2003), pp. 797-817.
  S. Ida and D. N. C. Lin, “Toward a Deterministic Model of Planetary Formation. I. A Desert in the Mass and Semimajor Axis Distributions of Extrasolar Planets,” Astrophysical Journal, 604 (2004), pp. 388-413.
  Peter L. Biermann, et al, “The Last Gamma-Ray Burst in our Galaxy? On the Observed Cosmic-Ray Excess at Particle Energy 1018 eV,” Astrophysical Journal Letters, 604 (2004), pp. L29-L32.
  Jonathan C. Tan and Christopher F. McKee, “The Formation of the First Stars. I. Mass Infall Rates, Accretion Disk Structure, and Protostellar Evolution,” Astrophysical Journal, 603 (2004), pp. 383-400.
  Yoshiaki Nishibayashi, et al, “Buckminsterfullerenes: A Non-Metal System for Nitrogen Fixation,” Nature, 428 (2004), pp. 279-280.
  Allan H. Treiman, Antonio Lanzirotti, and Dimitrios Xirouchakis, “Ancient Water on Asteroid 4 Vesta: Evidence from a Quartz Veinlet in the Serra de Magé Eucrite Meteorite,” Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 219 (2004), pp. 189-199.
  Philip W. Boyd, et al, “The Decline and Fate of an Iron-Induced Subarctic Phytoplankton Bloom,” Nature, 428 (2004), pp. 549-553.

257 individual references, on top of the 322 mentioned in the original work. These numbers are pulled from these papers. You say we shouldn't "speculate" on the probability. These men didn't think that was true, nor did the publications they submitted to

Jac3510 wrote:No sir, this:

• All the references in Fine-Tuning of Physical Life Support Body by Hugh Ross (Pasadena, CA: Reasons To Believe, 2002) apply. What follows are references that are in addition to those.
  Ray White III and William C. Keel, “Direct Measurement of the Optical Depth in a Spiral Galaxy,” Nature, 359 (1992), pp. 129-130.

Did you look at the papers which were referenced?

Here the first one.
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v3 ... DFDB2A6A20
IT WAS A LETTER TO NATURE.

FROM a statistical analysis of nearly 9,400 spiral galaxies1, Valentijn2 has claimed that the disks of spirals are largely opaque. His argument derives from a lack of inclination dependence in the average surface brightness of the spirals, which if they were transparent would be brighter when seen edge-on than face-on. This statistically derived result is however vulnerable to several selection effects3, and seems to contradict the fact that the survey was successfully performed (as we live in a transparent spiral galaxy) as well as anecdotal examples of galaxies visible through other galaxies. We have tried to measure directly optical extinction in a number of spiral disks, using pairs in which a foreground spiral is backlit by another galaxy. In our best example substantial extinction of starlight occurs, but the extinction is mostly associated with the spiral features in which much of the light arises in the first place. This correlation of extinction with emission may account for both the transparency and apparent opacity of spiral galaxies.

How did he use this in his paper on fine tuning?
???
Like I stated the first time, the numbers pulled from these papers were used in the speculation, not most of the numbers themselves. I doubt all these papers are about the fine tuning of the Universe. Would you like me to look at the second paper as well? Trust me you don't want me to.

Don't you think listing all of these papers in which the figures were pulled out of context is a little misleading? I doubt very many of these papers even detailed possibilities for the figures they reached. Do you?
So all of that is speculation on the part of the person who wrote you're supporting articles. The ranges and probabilities are all speculation none of which is supported by these references.

And lets take a look at the paper itself.
One of the factors mentioned was.
"orientation of continents relative to prevailing winds"
What does this mean and how did he arrive at that figure?
How does he know the orientation of the continents is required for the existance of life on Earth?

Or what about these?
"reduction of Kuiper Belt mass during planetary system's early history"
"mass of outer gas giant planet relative to inner gas giant planet"
Are they not related? Also the first question applies here, how does this figure into the probability of life on Earth?

Or these gems?
"galaxy size"
"galaxy type"
If it fits then it applies to all the stars in that galaxy? And again how is this required for life?

Or what about this one?
"oceans-to-continents ratio"
Does this mean if there is less or more water then life is impossible?!?!?!

This is just a cursory glance, I am sure there are many more instances of related factors and nonfactors which should not be blindly multiplied with other factors to arrive at a figure.

And check out this one from another of your supporting articles.
"parent star color"
if redder: photosynthetic response would be insufficient
if bluer: photosynthetic response would be insufficient
ROFL!!!
This would make some astronomers die of laughter.
Stars are categorized as red or blue based on their compositions and surface temperature.
http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/a ... 625-1.html
All stars for the most part radiate the entire spectrum of light. For example our sun is a class G yellow star.
Go get a prism during a sunny day.
Do you get a rainbow?

Again there is nothing wrong with admitting that this is speculation, or are you really saying that we know the exact probabilities, can you really possess such audacity?

And yes, it is a pet peeve of mine to see articles on the internet with lists of references on the bottom which are completely misrepresented or have such weak connection to the topic in discussion. I find it intellectually misleading and utterly irritating.

Ah, my bad. You are right, of course. Absolutely every single one of those references provided are totally unrelated and not at all supportive of the data. Ross has falsified information, which is only natural, and he's purposefully misleading people. And it should be incredibly obvious that he should give a detailed explanation of every aspect listed on that site, even though he does that in his books and articles elsewhere.

Forgive the sarcasm, BGood, but incredulity won't get you anywhere. If you want to take the time to go through every single item referenced, then go for it. I, for one, have read Ross' work, and I know his credentials and background. Perhaps you have as well. Again, you can talk about speculation all you want, which is fine. That's up to you. But it's out of the mainstream.

Now, I am thoroughly aware that in the field of biological evolution philosophical naturalism has a death grip that is going to take a long time to get rid of. But, I'm also aware that, when it comes to astrophysics and cosmology in general, there is not nearly as much dogmatism. These people, who specialize in this field, consider this a very serious issue. Many an atheist have stated clearly that the fine tuning arguments are both valid and potentially convincing. They don't accept for other reasons, i.e., a multiverse theory. Again, that's up to them. But, at least they recognize the validity of the numbers.

That's the mainstream, BGood.

Jac3510 wrote:Ah, my bad. You are right, of course. Absolutely every single one of those references provided are totally unrelated and not at all supportive of the data. Ross has falsified information, which is only natural, and he's purposefully misleading people. And it should be incredibly obvious that he should give a detailed explanation of every aspect listed on that site, even though he does that in his books and articles elsewhere.

Forgive the sarcasm, BGood, but incredulity won't get you anywhere. If you want to take the time to go through every single item referenced, then go for it. I, for one, have read Ross' work, and I know his credentials and background. Perhaps you have as well. Again, you can talk about speculation all you want, which is fine. That's up to you. But it's out of the mainstream.

Now, I am thoroughly aware that in the field of biological evolution philosophical naturalism has a death grip that is going to take a long time to get rid of. But, I'm also aware that, when it comes to astrophysics and cosmology in general, there is not nearly as much dogmatism. These people, who specialize in this field, consider this a very serious issue. Many an atheist have stated clearly that the fine tuning arguments are both valid and potentially convincing. They don't accept for other reasons, i.e., a multiverse theory. Again, that's up to them. But, at least they recognize the validity of the numbers.

That's the mainstream, BGood.

It is also mainstream that the Drake equation and other such equations have a high degree of error built in.

At this point it is best to refrain from stating that any results of such equations is anything remotely close to authorative and I am certain that many in the field whose papers were quoted who are not named Hugh Ross would agree.

As for his credentials, it's inconsequential. I don't suppose he has any expertise in astronomy or else he would not have made the parent star color faux pas. There is no need to mention that most of his sources are from astronomical sources. Also there appear to be many references to himself. Are those scientific peer reviewed papers? In astronomy? I highly doubt it.

To continue on his paper lets look at these points
58. Ratio of warm exotic matter density to cold exotic matter density
59. Ratio of hot exotic matter density to cold exotic matter density
What in the world is he refering to?

Also the first four items in this list.
Strong nuclear force constant
Weak nuclear force constant
Gravitational force constant
Electromagnetic force constant
Is he certain they are not dependant factors? In other words does the changing of one constant cause the other constants to change proportionally?

To go even farther is he certain that all of the factors mentioned are independant?

Ok then thanks everyone..

That's fine, sir, but you are throwing the baby out with the bath water, so to speak. We are talking about a probabality less than the total number of atoms in the universe. I think it's safe to say there's an awful large margin of error, hmm?

See, you don't have to prove that the probabilities could be off. You have to prove that any of these are NOT IMPOROBABLE. And that, my good friend, simply can't be done. It may be difficult to put specific numbers to these, but even a cursory view at the list makes it obvious that the chances on all of these are going to be less, and some far less, than 1:1. Now, again, you need to recognize what astrophysicists have been recognizing for over a decade: at present, observations imply that this universe is highly improbable.

So, that's the observation. Rather than arguing against established fact, you should be searching for an advocating one of its many, many explanations out there.

Mainstream, BGood.

edit: I suggest you check his credentials, BGood. The main is VERY qualified. As for the references to himself, I've read many of his works. He footnotes everything. So, rather than redo the work, it follows to footnote yourself. You know better.

Jac3510 wrote:That's fine, sir, but you are throwing the baby out with the bath water, so to speak. We are talking about a probabality less than the total number of atoms in the universe. I think it's safe to say there's an awful large margin of error, hmm?

See, you don't have to prove that the probabilities could be off. You have to prove that any of these are NOT IMPOROBABLE. And that, my good friend, simply can't be done. It may be difficult to put specific numbers to these, but even a cursory view at the list makes it obvious that the chances on all of these are going to be less, and some far less, than 1:1. Now, again, you need to recognize what astrophysicists have been recognizing for over a decade: at present, observations imply that this universe is highly improbable.

So, that's the observation. Rather than arguing against established fact, you should be searching for an advocating one of its many, many explanations out there.

Mainstream, BGood.

Again, as discussed in another post improbability does not imply design.

And again it's not estabilished fact, it's estabilished uncertainty, meaning we simply do not know.

And Jay to answer your question we don't know if there are other planets capable of life. There very well could be only one planet capable of life.