My question is, what is this particle collider supposed to "really" proove after
years of testing and accumulating data. Is this particle collider supposed to
prove how the universe was created, what happened at the instant before the
big bang, if God really created the universe or how the universe got here.
The articles dont explain much in those regards. Its should be more in depth
in my opinion, since it is the biggest machine every created, its deserve much
more explanation.
The current standard model of particle physics (which summarizes all our knowledge
about the smallest known particles and fundamental forces) assumed at least a new
elementary particle (the Higgs boson) which has never been directly observed.
To the current understanding this particles has been predicted to provide coherence
between the standard model and the observations but it has never been directly observed.
In the standard model the Highs boson is "responsible" of the masses of the other
particles; in other words the other particles masses are what they are due to the properties
of the Higgs boson which should be directly measured as soon as it will be observed.
There are good reasons to assume that Higgs boson has a mass just higher than the
particles already observed and lower than the energies that will be explored by LHC.
So if the particle is already there, LHC should be able to see it directly.
In the past the last generation colliders (LEP, Fermilab, ...) has already confirmed
standard model in its smallest details. A number of different particles (eg top quark)
which were predicted by the standard model have been finally directly observed.
The standard model is the most precise physical theory ever conceived by humans;
actually there is no observed deviation between the theory and the experiments as
far as the experiments can go. LHC will boldly go where no other experiment
has ever gone before, so that it will provide new confirmation (or show mistakes)
in the standard model.
A second hope of LHC (though with much less certainty than Higgs boson) is to be
able to spot superpartners (eg photin). These particles are predicted by an extension
of standard model called supersymmetric standard model. Supersymmetric standard
model is also a consequence of superstring theory.
Neither supersymmetric standard model nor superstring theory has ever been confirmed
experimentally. If superpartners will be found it will be the first indirect empirical
confirmation of supersymmetric theories in general and string theory in particular.
BTW there is no real reason why superpartners should be in the energy range of LHC.
As far as we understand they may be too big to be seen by LHC of any next generation collider.
But we might be lucky...
Moreover, LHC might be able to see particles which has not been predicted.
The standard model is quite strict and rigid. Any new particle that might be discovered
would change the known scenarios and quantitative computations the physicists rely on
in investigating early universe behavior.
For this reason the new findings by LHC would have an impact on our understanding of
cosmology and high energy physics. Including the scenarios we use to describe the beginning
of our universe, provided that our universe had a beginning (which is not firmly established by Physics yet).
I hope it will help somehow...
Cheers